IELTS - Lesson 39 Exercise

Philosophy and Logic


1. aphorism: a brief statement of principle; a tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion

2. dogma: a system of principles or tenets as of a church; prescribed doctrine; an established opinion or belief. Dogmas, derived from the Greek dokein, “to seem good,” are sometimes put forth without adequate grounds and arrogantly or vehemently proclaimed.

3. empirical: guided by practical experience and not theoretical

4. epistemology: the branch of theology that is concerned with the ultimate or last things-such as death, judgment, heaven, and hell.

5. eschatology: an idea or opinion founded on mistaken logic or perception. There are several types of logical fallacies: the fallacy of accident, of composition, of decision, of the antecedent, and of the consequences.

6. fallacy: an idea or opinion founded on mistaken logic or perception. There are several types of logical fallacies: the fallacy of accident, of composition, of division, of the antecedent, and of the consequence.

7. hedonism: pursuit of or devotion to pleasure; the ethical doctrine that what is pleasant or has pleasant consequences is intrinsically good. In psychology, hedonism refers to the doctrine that behavior is motivated by desire for pleasure or the avoidance of pain.

8. pragmatism: the theory, developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James, that the meaning of a proposition or course of action lies in its observable consequences, and that the sum of these consequences constitutes its meaning; a method or tendency in the conduct of political affairs characterized by the rejection of theory and precedent and by the use of practical means and expedients. A pragmatic person is practical and active rather than contemplative. He may also tend to be meddlesome and officious.

9. predestination: the doctrine that God has foreordained whatever comes to pass, especially the salvation or damnation of individual souls.

10. ratiocination: the act of reasoning methodically or logically.

11. syllogism: in logic, a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise (all men are foolish), a minor premise (Smith is a man), and a conclusion (therefore, Smith is foolish); a subtle or specious piece of reasoning. Opposed to syllogistic reasoning is inductive reasoning known as the scientific method, which reasons from a part to the whole, from the particular to the general, or from the individual to the universal.

12. teleology: the doctrine that final causes exist; design, purpose, or utility as an explanation of any natural phenomenon. In philosophy, teleology looks upon natural processes as determined by the design of a divine Providence rather than as purely mechanical determinism.

13. tenet: an opinion or doctrine held to be true.

14. theosophy: a system of philosophy or religion that proposes to establish direct, mystical contact with divine principles through contemplation or revelation. The doctrines of the modern Theosophical Societies incorporate elements of Buddhism and Brahmanism.

15. utilitarian: stressing the value of practical over aesthetic values. The theory of utilitarianism, proposed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill, held that all moral, social, or political action should be directed toward achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Exercises


I. Which Word Comes to Mind?

In each of the following, read the statement, then circle the word that comes to mind.

1. How do we know what we know?

(eschatology, epistemology, pragmatism)

2. If A is B and B is C, then A is C

(fallacy, dogma, syllogism)

3. Sherlock Holmes is a prime example

(tenet, ratiocination, teleology)

4. Don’t do it; it might hurt

(hedonism, aphorism, theosophy)

5. Daniel and Pearl forever

(empirical, utilitarian, predestination)

6. Use it or lose it

(utilitarian, aphorism, fallacy)

7. The quintessential principle that brooks no argument

(theosophy, teleology, dogma)

8. Beyond human comprehension

(eschatology, ratiocination, theosophy)

9. Respect for the old tried and true ways

(ratiocination, tenet, pragmatism)

10. Logic with a twist

(eschatology, teleology, syllogism)

II. True or False?

In the space provided, indicate whether each statement is true or false.

  • _________ 1. A pragmatist and an empiricist are both more concerned with results than theories.
  • _________ 2. Eschatology is deeply involved with daily rituals
  • _________ 3. The explanation for the lion’s mane, the elephant’s trunk, the leopard’s spots falls in the province of teleology.
  • _________ 4. A tenet is one of the ten basic principles of faith.
  • _________ 5. Aphorism is the belief that natural phenomena can be understood only by a study of original causes.
  • _________ 6. Epistemology is the science of letter writing.
  • _________ 7. The empirical approach relies on observation and experience to determine truth.
  • _________ 8. An assumption based on erroneous premises will inevitably be a fallacy.
  • _________ 9. Theosophists generally spend a great deal of time in contemplation.
  • _________ 10. tenets are those who “dwell in the house of the Lord.”

III. Find the Imposter

Find and circle the one word on each line that is not related to the other three

  1. eschatology ----- teleology ----- utilitarian ----- predestination
  2. document ----- dogma ----- tenet ----- doctrine
  3. pragmatic ----- experiential ----- romantic ----- empirical
  4. laconic ----- aphoristic ----- pointed ----- conjectural
  5. hedonism ----- affliction ----- malaise ----- paroxysm
Home

1

Lesson-1

Jingoist, Lothario, Maverick, Nemesis, Philanderer, Philippic, Procrustean, Protean, Pyrrhic victory, Quixotic, Saturnine, Solecism, Spoonerism, Sybarite, Tawdry

2

Lesson-2

Acidulous, Baleful, Bellicose, Bilious, Bumptious, Captious, Churlish, Complaisant, Contrite, Convivial, Craven, Debonair, Dyspeptic, Lachrymose, Neurasthenic

3

Lesson-3

cabal, camaraderie, caste, cortege, detente, echelon, ecumenical, elite, esprit de corps, freemasonry, genealogy, hierarchy, hobnob, liaison, rapprochement

4

Lesson-4

adagio, andante, arpeggio, bravura, contralto, crescendo, falsetto, fortissimo, imbroglio, intaglio, largo, libretto, salvo, staccato, vendetta

5

Lesson-5

alienist, amanuensis, beadle, cosmetologist, dermatologist, entomologist, farrier, graphologist, internist, lapidary, ophthalmologist, ornithologist, osteopath, pharyngologist, physiologist

6

Lesson-6

Adonis, Bacchanal, Cassandra, Cornucopia, Erotic, Herculean, Hermetic, Hydra, Hymeneal, Iridescent, Narcissism, Odyssey, Olympian, Palladium, Phoenix

7

Lesson-7

aberrant, anthropomorphism, archetype, authoritarian, cathedrals, demography, epidemiology, euthanasia, extrovert, psychic, psychopath, psychotherapy, schizophrenia, subliminal, traums

8

Lesson-8

aficionado, barrio, bonanza, bravado, desperado, flotilla, grandee, hacienda, lariat, machismo, manana, palmetto, renegade, siesta, torero

9

Lesson-9

anachronism, anon, antebellum, antediluvian, atavism, augury, betimes, biennial, diurnal, eon, ephemeral, epoch, generation, score, tercentenary

10

Lesson-10

bane, deign, eke, knell, mete, moot, mulct, plumb, quail, roil, ruck, shunt, svelte, thrall, tryst

11

Lesson-11

abscess, aphasia, arteriosclerosis, biopsy, cadaver, carcinogen, comatose, etiology, malingerer, mastectomy, prosthesis, simian, therapeutic, tumescence, vasectomy

12

Lesson-12

bovine, equine, feline, hircine, leonine, lupine, ophidian, ovine, piscine, porcine, saurian, taurine, ursine, vixen, vulpine

13

Lesson-13

atonement, bicameral, Decalogue, decimate, dichotomy, double-think, millennium, nihilism, penultimate, primeval, protocol, quatrain, quintessence, tessellated, untrammeled

14

Lesson-14

adjudicate, appellate, collusion, deposition, equity, exhume, incommunicado, intestate, ipso facto, lien, litigation, perjury, pettifogger, tort, tribunal

15

Lesson-15

circumspect, demure, dispassionate, dolorous, edacious, effete, feisty, flaccid, flippant, florid, glabrous, imperious, ingenious, intractable, intransigent

16

Lesson-16

alchemy, arcane, conundrum, demonology, exorcise, inscrutable, pallor, phenomenology, polygraph, purloin, ritual, shamus, soothsayer, thaumaturgy, warlock

17

Lesson-17

archaeology, elfin, infinitesimal, Lilliputian, megalopolis, minimize, minutiae, palatial, peccadillo, picayune, simulacrum, soupcon, teeming, titanic, vista

18

Lesson-18

accolade, conclave, dirge, draconian, epicurean, gossamer, immolate, juggernaut, junket, ostracism, proletariat, rigmarole, rubric, Socratic, sycophant

19

Lesson-19

acrophobia, bibliophile, claustrophobia, Francophile, hydrophobia, misanthropy, misogyny, paranoid, philately, Philistine, phylogeny, philology, Russo phobia, triskaidekaphobia, xenophobia

20

Lesson-20

archaeology, cardiology, ecology, endocrinology, gerontology, gynecology, morphology, necrology, neurology, paleontology, pathology, rhinology, seismology, speleology, toxicology

21

Lesson-21

jejune, libidinous, licentious, mercurial, meretricious, minatory, mutable, niggardly, nonchalant, noxious, obdurate, obtuse, officious, omniscient, pusillanimous

22

Lesson-22

amicus curiae, arson, barrister, embezzle, extradition, habeas corpus, immaterial, incarcerate, indeterminate, larceny, litigious, miscreant, perpetrator, plagiarism, probation

23

Lesson-23

avant-garde, bete noire, bot mot, coup de grace, cul-de-sac, dues ex machina, fait accompli, fin de siecle, gauche, junta, laissez-faire, mot juste, non compos mentis, non sequitur, sine qua non

24

Lesson-24

coiffure, demarche, denouement, éclat, élan, entrepreneur, impasse, ingénue, malaise, mélange, repartee, sangfroid, tete-a-tete, tour de force, vignette

25

Lesson-25

acrid, addle, ado, alms, amulet, aperture, askew, bauble, bevy, bilk, blithe, careen, chary, nabob, onus

26

Lesson-26

antaean, argonaut, calliope, cyclopean, gorgon, harpy, Homeric, myrmidon, oracular, paean, plutonian, Promethean, stygian, terpsichorean, thespian

27

Lesson-27

pedantic, pertinacious, pontifical, pretentious, prolix, puerile, quiescent, recalcitrant, restive, ribald, sardonic, sedulous, sleazy, supercilious, voluptuous

28

Lesson-28

a cappella, ad hoc, bon vivant, de facto, gemutlich, leitmotif, nolo contendere, per excellence, parvenu, piece de resistance, postprandlal, quid pro quo, qui vive, savoir faire, sub rosa, vis-à-vis

29

Lesson-29

ambivalent, bucolic, crotchety, dilatory, disconsolate, dudgeon, froward, genteel, jocund, loquacious, splenetic, tendentious, truculent, vacuous, venal

30

Lesson-30

amorphous, gargantuan, iota, lissome, macrocosm, magnitude, magnum opus, microcosm, micrometer, scabrous, scintilla, serpentine, sinuous, smidgen, tenuous

31

Lesson-31

bathos, malapropism, metaphor, metonymy, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, panegyric, paradigm, paralipsis, pleonasm, polyglot, semantics, simile, synecdoche, threnody

32

Lesson-32

argot, aspersion, badinage, bombast, braggadocio, censure, countermand, gainsay, gobbledegook, guttural, harangue, jargon, mellifluous, resonant, sententious

33

Lesson-33

canon, hegemony, oligarchy, peonage, pharisaical, plebiscite, plenipotentiary, proxy, recession, regicide, renascent, reprisal, subversion, surrogate, votary

34

Lesson-34

antipodal, cartography, concierge, hegira, hustings, landmark, peripatetic, portmanteau, safari, tandem, transmigrate, traverse, trek, wanderlust, wayfarer

35

Lesson-35

a la carte, assuage, comestible, condiment, cuisine, culinary, gastronomic, gourmand, manna, palatable, piquant, refection, repast, subsistence, viands

36

Lesson-36

antic, beguile, bonhomie, dalliance, divertissement, euphoria, guffaw, insouciance, japery, regale, risible, roguish, roister, squib, waggish

37

Lesson-37

anarchy, bourgeois, bureaucracy, demagogue, ethos, gerrymander, imperialism, Machiavellian,. martial, muckraker, partisan, reactionary, schism, suffrage, totalitarian

38

Lesson-38

abnegation, abscond, affidavit, altercation, battery, bequest, cause celebre, caveat emptor, codicil, contiguous, contraband, contumacious, disenfranchise, injunction, jurisprudence

39

Lesson-39

aphorism, dogma, empirical, epistemology, eschatology, fallacy, hedonism, pragmatism, predestination, ratiocination, syllogism, teleology, tenet, theosophy, utilitarian

40

Lesson-40

agnostic, apocalyptic, apocryphal, apostate, apotheosis, benediction, blasphemy, deist, infidel, mantra, ontology, pantheism, sacrilegious, syncretism, theodicy
  1. Common Terms Related To English Grammer
  2. 400+ IELTS Speaking Questions and Topic Ideas
  3. 10 Most Common English Idioms with Origin and Examples
  4. Improve Your Writing Skills – Set 1 to 10 – Exercises
  5. 200+ Questions and Topics for IELTS Speaking Test
  6. 800+ Most Common Idioms and Phrases
  7. Preposition Exercises (Set 1, Set 2 and Set 3)
  8. Most Commonly Used Synonyms for IELTS
  9. 8 Types of Parts of Speech with Examples
  10. Body Language – Multiple Choice Questions
  11. [IELTS] 50 English Grammar Questions With Answers – Practice Test
  12. Understanding Your IELTS Band Scores
  13. [IELTS] 100+ Useful Vocabulary Words with Examples
  14. 7 Effective Strategies For Active Listening
  15. [English] All You Need To Know About Nonverbal Communication
  16. 16 Ways to Quickly Improve Your English Language Skills
  17. 300+ IELTS Speaking Questions To Be Asked
  18. 100 Most Commonly Used One Word Substitution
  19. 100 Common Words and Mistakes in English
  20. 40 Commonly Used and Popular English Idioms
  21. 150+ Word Roots, Their Meaning and Examples
  22. TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Test – Set 2
  23. TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Test – Set 1
  24. List of Most Commonly Used Prefixes and Suffixes With Their Meanings and Examples
  25. General Tips on Writing Effective Essay for TOEFL Exam
  26. Correct Form of English Word [200 Line of Sentences with Answers]
  27. 70+ TOEFL Practice Test Exercises
  28. TOEFL Vocabulary Practice Test – 60 Questions with Answer
  29. List of Common Terms Related to English Grammer
  30. [English] Verbal Reasoning – Blood Relationship MCQ With Answers
  31. English Tenses Practice Tests – Exercise 1 to 15
  32. English Quantifiers Practice Test – MCQ with Answers
  33. English Articles (A, An and The) – Practice Tests 1 to 20
  34. [English] Passive Voice Exercises
  35. Most Familiar English Proverbs With Their Meanings
  36. English Collocations – Types and Examples
  37. English Verbs – Exercise 1 to 20
  38. Find The Error – 10 Questions With Answers and Explanation
  39. [English] List of Phrasal Verbs with Examples
  40. 250+ One Word Substitutions of Different Categories
  41. 500 Important One Word Substitutions
  42. 100 One Word Substitution – English Learning
  43. [English] Preposition Practice Test Exercises
  44. Find The Error – 100 Questions With Explanations
  45. 100 Idioms With Examples You Need To Know
  46. Commonly Confused English Words With Examples
  47. [Learn English] Using For / Since – Fill In The Blanks
  48. Choose Correct Answer For This English Test
  49. [Learn English] Spot the Errors/Corrections
  50. Fill Suitable Articles (A, AN and THE) – English Practice Test With Answers

Powered by Eduhyme.com