081. These writers, who can genuinely be said to have created a genre, the "railroad novel," are now mostly forgotten, their names having faded frommemory.
The words "faded from" in line 21 are closest in meaning to
Answer - B
082. The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design. It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of American industrial progress, Oliver Evans (1755-1819) .
The word "novel" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
083. The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power. As early as 1802 he was using a stationary steam engine of high-pressure design in his mill. Engines of this type were not unknown, but before Evans they were generally considered impractical and dangerous.
The word "stationary" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - B
084. In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was important; a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation.
The word "vessel" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
085. The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.
The word "emerged" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
The word "outlining" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - -
086. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes.
The word "deliberate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - B
087. The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes.
The word "demanded" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
088. The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint.
The word "imitate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
089. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioralinformation, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are practical reasons for this.
The word "comparably" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - B
090. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.
The word "inclination" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
091. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these cumbersome arrangements, private lettercarrying and express businesses developed.
The word "cumbersome" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
092. But this delivery service was at first confined to cities, and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10,000 people to be eligible for free home delivery.
The word "Confined" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
093. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved.
The word "framed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
094. In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.
The word "supposedly" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
095. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.
The word "sanitation" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
096. When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864, there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior. Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas, while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells, each made of a different material.
The word "conflicting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
097. Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a great change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core.< Some seismic waves cannot pass through the core and others are bent by it. From this and other evidence, geologists conclude that the outer core is probably liquid, with a solid center. It is almost certainly made of iron, mixed with smaller amount of other elements such as nickel.
The phrase "gives way to" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
098. Although scientists can speculate about its nature, neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.
The word "speculate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
099. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market, and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.
The word "alternative" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
100. The distance was more than 350 miles, and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate.
The word "penetrate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - B
101. The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.
The word "extended" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
102. The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.
The word "barren" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
103. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed.
The word "preferred" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
104. They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems.
The word "hard" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
105. Nevertheless, most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.
The word "divergence" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
106. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durablematerial. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings.
The word "durable" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
The word "dwelling" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
107. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.
The word "elaborately" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
108. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on.
The word "chance" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
109. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is should be an integral part of one's entire life.
The word "integral" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
110. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region.
The word "concentrated" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - B
111. In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads.
The word "effect" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
112. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.
The word "distinct" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
113. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including settingmaximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on pricefixing by businesses.
The word "setting" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
114. Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action.
The word "ends" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
115. What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle? The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on mega fossils-relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals.
The word "drastic" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - B
116. It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.
The word "extracted" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
117. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.
The word "instances" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - C
118. In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.
The word "entombed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - B
119. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middleclass republics --- whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown amarked taste for portraiture.
The word "marked" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
120. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.
The phrase "ushering in" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - A
The word "executed" is closest in meaning to which of following?
Answer - D
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